3.0 Conclusions.
3.1 The Hyperfine Structure.
The result achieved here with regard to the prediction of the hyperfine
spectra, i.e. the 21.1cm line, is in complete agreement with observation,
but of course has had the benefit of the adjustment of the semi-empirical
parameter dp to ensure this. Consequently, factors which are
perhaps more significant than this numerical result, are that it has been
possible to identify aspects of the physics which complete the
characterisation of hyperfine emissions in the resurrected theory. These
factors are listed and briefly discussed below.
One aspect of the numerical results that should be mentioned however, is
spectral emission "bandwidth". It can be seen from Table A.3 that due to the
extra inter-shell transitions introduced by the hyperfine orbitals, each
individual emission line of the fine structure spectral signature, acquires
a bandwidth. For the orbit shells considered, this ranges from 0.0003Å
to 0.0035Å. This range is well within pressure variation and/or Doppler
pulse broadening effects, and would not therefore be discernible in
experimental results.
The factors mentioned above significant to the characterisation of the
hyperfine structure are listed as follows.
(i) Only one relatively simple mathematical formulation is necessary to
represent the complete spectral signature of hydrogen in the resurrected
Bohr/Sommerfeld theory, i.e. (2.7) or, fully expanded, [2], Eq.(4.2).
(ii) The same source of outgoing photon momentum has been identified for
both intra and inter-orbit transitions. Consistency of this feature is
considered a necessary attribute of the theory.
(iii) The ground state circular orbitals, with spin-down electrons, incur a
unity increase in the azimuth quantum number, (and thereby associated
angular momentum), to a value one half greater than the principle quantum
number. This is however, quite in keeping with a similar feature in normal,
(and hyperfine), elliptical orbitals via their Dead Zone transitions. It
ensures that the inner quantum number remains at the same value as the
principle quantum number thus maintaining the geometrics of the orbitals. It
is also the source of the outgoing photon momentum. The mathematical
representation has justified this process.
(iv) The nature of the external stimulus that causes hyperfine emissions,
when considered in relation to the 21.1cm line ground state emission,
enabled establishment of the special Selection Rules for these emissions,
and in relation to inter-orbit transitions, the Selection Rule unique to the
resurrected theory concerning electron/proton spin induction alignment.
(v) The same mechanism for the initiation of a photon emission has been
proposed for both intra and inter-orbit transitions. This assumes that the
external stimulus responsible for intra-orbital transitions is one that
causes the magnitude of electron spin-down and proton spin-up to increase.
Allowing for energy absorption as well as emission, this leads to the
possibility that zero emission transitions into the 1sh2(-) orbital
from the 1sh1(-) orbital, and into the 1s(+) orbital from the
1sh3(+) orbital, could occur.
Finally, it should be noted that in the literature it is stated that the
hyperfine emission of hydrogen, the 21.1cm line, does not appear in
laboratory experiments. Clearly, in this theory of atomic structure, this
would be due to the absence of the external stimulus that initiates it in
inter-stellar hydrogen.
3.2 The Overall Theory.
With the inclusion of the hyperfine structure, apart from the additional
analysis discussed in [2] to refine accuracy, the part of the
Bohr/Sommerfeld theory of atomic structure that deals with the prediction of
the wavelengths of spectral signatures, to the level of precision targeted,
is now virtually complete. It only remains to develop a mathematical
formulation to predict relative intensities. However, only hydrogen has been
considered in detail in these series of papers, and while the majority of
the content would be applicable to other outer shell single electron atoms,
derivation of their hyperfine structure, and the finer details of their fine
structure, would require further refinement of the final orbital energy
relationship to take account of their multi-particle nuclei, and possibly,
electron inter-action and electron shielding of the central nuclear charge.
The resurrected theory as it stands with the completion of this paper, has
predicted the complete spectral signature of hydrogen with excellent
accuracy and precision and without any anomalous assumptions or
approximations. In addition it provides a sound physics explanation of all
aspects of the spectral signature including a cause of electron and proton
spin, which leads naturally to a mechanism for the initiation of a photon
release as the spin angular momentum quantum criteria is neared. In the case
where this criteria is met, in the ground state orbit shell, the means by
which this is achieved, the variability of the electron spin matter wave
radius, has also been shown to be a major contributor to the Lamb Shift.
Consequently, although these factors are all speculative, and not
measurable, and may therefore be viewed with some contention, they clearly
have not been introduced merely to provide an explanation for some isolated
unusual feature of the spectral signature, but form an integrated
complementary set of physical aspects that ensures that the overall theory
is a complete one.
P6 Version 1.0.0
Ó
P.G.Bass, August 2007
|