During the above development, a number of significant points have arisen that need to be addressed in more detail. In this Section these points and others are discussed.

Comparison of (2.3) and (2.12) shows that the Acceleration Potentials of Phase I and II, while opposite in sign, are equal in magnitude. This result is expected but nevertheless extremely important because both potentials are generated by exactly the same particulate matter. As a consequence, this equality in magnitude is a necessary condition for the viability of the Relativistic Domain Theory of the evolution of the Universe. As a further consequence, it is probable that the lifetime of each phase will also be of the same order of magnitude.

From (2.23), the expression derived for the Hubble constant, it is clear that H₀ is not a constant, but is a variable that slowly changes with time, and also possesses a spatial gradient. This is because (2.23) contains the terms s_u, and u_i. The former effectively provides variability with time as the physical Universe expands. The latter provides the spatial gradient as it contains the parameter s_i. However, u_i also contains s_u and so neither the variability with time nor the spatial gradient are of a simple nature. The variation with time is however such that as the physical Universe expands, the value of H₀ will reduce. The spatial gradient is such that H₀ also reduces with increasing distance from the centre of the Universe. When H₀ is estimated from measurements of the velocities of receding galaxies, a graph of recession velocity versus distance results in an apparently near linear relationship. This is due to the combination of the two types of variation detailed above, augmented by the problem discussed at the end of Section 2.3.4 whereby, due to the finite velocity of light, measurements of parameters at cosmological distances apply to past cosmological times. A series of such measurements over a range of distances thereby produces a composite of recession velocities applicable over the cosmological period spanning the measurements. Graphing of such velocities against distance thereby produces the approximately linear relationship. However, this graph only remains linear out to certain distances. Once measurements are taken of receding galaxies so distant, that at the cosmological time applicable, the galaxy being measured was close to the edge of the Universe, the velocity/distance graph starts to tail off due to the reduction in the spatial gradient of the temporal rate at those extreme distances. This then gives the appearance that the expansion of the physical Universe is accelerating, when in fact exactly the opposite is true. In a future paper, a computer model of this effect will be presented which will demonstrate it more graphically than the above textual description.

With the reversal of Universal internal gravity in phase II, the question arises as to the status of the gravitational effect of individual stellar and galactic objects within the Universe. The reversal of gravity occurred because the temporal flow at the centre tended to reduce below zero. This was due to the combined effect of all the matter in the Universe. However, the reversal is initiated at the centre and while promulgated throughout the rest of space is still an effect emanating at the central core. The gravitational status of all individual stellar and galactic objects would not be changed by this process, and would continue to exhibit normal attractive gravitation throughout both phases.

Because it has been observed that the distant galaxies are all receding from a central point, some at quite considerable velocities, this suggests that the evolution of the Universe must be well into its second phase. This phase will continue until the dispersion is so great that the Universe ceases to act as an unique independent gravitational source. Accurate determination of the amount of time for this to occur is not considered possible at the present time, however, some speculative estimate is provided as follows.

If the "Big Bang" age of the Universe is estimated at 15 billion years, in the theory proposed here this time may be assumed as close to that for the Universe to have expanded from the point of inflexion to its present day size. Also, if phase II is say approximately 50% complete, then it will take a like amount of time for it to run its course. If also, because both phases are driven by the same particulate matter, it is assumed that it takes an equivalent amount of time to reach the point of inflexion from the fully dispersed position, i.e. phase I plus that part of phase II to reach standstill, then the minimum total lifecycle can be roughly estimated at 60 billion years. On this basis, this theory puts the current age of the Universe, ~ 50% into phase II, at some 45 billion years. Accordingly, a considerable amount of dispersion will have taken place since the point of inflexion, and for this reason, the current view of the Universe from any point within it, i.e. the earth, will tend to show a high degree of homogeneity and isotropy. However, there is some observable divergence from this, discussed in (v) below, in which an overall configuration based upon a central core is still evident. The above figures could be more accurately estimated when, and if, this centre of the Universe is located and the distance from it to the home galaxy established.

The large scale internal structure is identified as that formed at the galactic level and upwards. The galaxies themselves could in many cases exist within the grand cosmos prior to the formation of the local Universe, as well as having formed subsequently.

During its evolution, the individual bodies, (galaxies), will not only be subjected to the radial gravitational potentials generated by the core and each other, they will also be subjected to the gravitational effects of each other in the radial normal direction. The net effect of the individual galactic sources is to encourage clustering into simple clusters and the so called super clusters. If this was the only effect, then such conglomerations would be expected to occur somewhat at random throughout the Universe. However, there are two other radial effects that change this general configuration. The first, as mentioned above, is the radial Acceleration Potential generated by the core. The second is the acceleration resulting from the galactic masses traversing through the overall internal time dilatation gradient. This latter effect will also become stronger as masses approach the central core. The overall result will be a tendency for closer clustering in the radial direction. The eventual reversal of gravity as the physical radius passes the 3a_u criterion will further accentuate this tendency as will the increased mutual attraction between the clusters and super clusters as they radially approach one another. The final result, probably sometime well into the second phase of evolution, will be the gradual formation of spherical layers of clusters around the core, e.g. much like the layers of skin on an onion. Due to the stochastic nature of their formation however, these galactic layers would not exhibit any form of mathematical regularity, but would most likely possess a ragged profile with many gaps in the radial normal direction. However, the current age of the Universe, estimated above at some 45 billion years, is such that they should be relatively well established.

This structure would have a significant effect upon galactic spectral redshift, especially in the latter stages of Phase II. Irregularities would occur firstly due to the local gravitational variation across layers. In addition, galaxies/clusters in any particular layer would also experience Doppler shift variations. At the lower edge of the layer they would tend to be gravitationally accelerated towards the centre of the layer, thus increasing their recessional velocity from the Universal centre. Galaxies/clusters at the top edge of the layer would experience the opposite effect. The effect on the spectral redshift would therefore be, across the layer, a reverse gradient 'kink'. This effect may also contribute to the observed apparent 'quantisation' of redshift distribution.

The literature contains many references, articles and papers etc., in which all of the above effects are reported, particularly the clustering. The layering effect is not so well observed but is becoming an established fact. Nevertheless, the structure as discussed here is the least well defined aspect of this development, possessing minimal mathematical support. The processes involved, because of the randomness of the galactic distribution and motions prior to the initiation of the first phase of evolution, would be of a highly stochastic nature. Accordingly it would not be possible to generate a mathematical model of any particular Universe, such as our own, and only the general nature of a representative average could be so described.

In Section 2.1, it was stated that the physical configuration of the Universe would be expected to contain a central core. Accordingly, the question arises as to whether this core would be visible from the Earth. There are essentially two possibilities. First, it could be hidden behind (a) the centre of the home galaxy, (b) some other large stellar or galactic object or (c) intervening non-luminous matter. In any of these cases it would not be recognisable either visually or as a radio source. Furthermore, in the second possibility, where it was in full view from some location on the Earth, it may still be difficult to recognise. It may well be so distant that it appears indistinguishable from other stellar or galactic objects that are relatively closer. Its size would be variable during both phases, growing during evolution in phase I and then shrinking again in phase II. If as stated above the Universe is well into its second phase, the size of the core may no longer be any larger than a large spherical galaxy which at great distance would not therefore appear unique. Nevertheless, output of radiant energy would be extremely large and in phase I would exhibit a significant gravitational spectral red shift. This would be offset by a Doppler violet shift as all matter gravitationally migrated towards the centre. In Phase II however, its gravitational shift would be towards the violet end of the spectrum, offset against a Doppler red shift as all matter gravitationally receded from the centre. It may well be that other than this, the only distinguishing characteristic would be that it would probably appear very much like a Quasar.

There are two other factors which, in addition to the receding galaxies, are often quoted, [11], as supporting the "Big Bang" models of the Universe. The first, is the preponderance of free hydrogen, ( ~ 73%), and helium, ( ~ 25%), in the Universe. The second is the background microwave radiation discovered by Penzias and Wilson in 1964, [11]. Both of these factors are well established and consequently need an explanation of existence within the new theory proposed here.

(a) For the first, the preponderance of hydrogen and helium, the process that produces this may well be associated with the birth and death of stars. As the clouds of non-luminous ordinary and possibly dark matter condense to start forming the core of a star, its temperature and pressure will steadily increase under gravitational compression. Whatever the constituents of this material, under this ever increasing temperature and pressure it will rapidly start to break down. Once the temperature and pressure reaches the levels in the T-Tauri variable stage, breakdown in the core and possibly several layers above will have progressed to the point where both degenerate helium and eventually hydrogen are being produced in vast quantities. In this manner, as it grows, the star manufactures its own fusion fuel, which when fusion temperature and pressure is reached reverses the process and starts re-building the higher elements via nuclear fusion. The star is then in the main sequence and stable.

When the fusion process at the core has reached the stage of producing iron, it stops and the temperature and pressure there are no longer able to withstand the gravitational compression of the outer layers. The core collapses and the outer layers are, via nova and super nova processes, [16], released back into space. These will contain considerable amounts of hydrogen and helium, and traces of other elements, [6], that were unused in the fusion process before the core collapsed. If this evolutionary process of stars occurs over many aeons throughout the entire Universe, then the preponderance of these free elements will stabilise. Whether the figures quoted above are typical throughout the Universe is not known but the density of such matter should accordingly be higher in inter-stellar space than it will be in inter-galactic.

(b) Concerning the second phenomena, the microwave background radiation. It is currently proposed that this background is the glow of the early Universe as produced by the "Big Bang", and was then visible light now greatly red shifted because of the expansion. It is being observed now because from very distant parts of the Universe it would only just be reaching the Solar System, [13].

Within the concept proposed here, the microwave background would have a much simpler explanation that permits its continual generation today. One possibility is the presence of the inter-stellar, and to a lesser extent, inter-galactic non-luminous ordinary and also possibly dark matter. While in itself not an inherent source of radiation, all this matter is continuously absorbing the entire spectral output of the vast number of luminous objects in the Universe. Despite the large distances involved and the resultant attenuation, this radiation will have the effect of heating the matter that absorbs it. Over long enough periods of time the temperature of this matter will become stable at some value above absolute zero, and will accordingly radiate a black body spectrum of frequencies associated with that temperature. It is considered that such a source of generation is quite in keeping with the discovery of hot and cold spots in this background.

In the theory of the Universe proposed here, it is important to note that the spatial dimension would be "flat" as opposed to the curved characteristic of the General Theory of Relativity, and would accordingly conform to modern opinion resulting from the spatial mapping of the microwave background.