C1 Version 2.1.1
Ó
P.G.Bass, March 2006 This paper extends Relativistic Domain Theory into cosmology to develop an alternative
theory for the origin and existence of the Universe. The main result is the
derivation of a theoretical relationship for, and corresponding numerical
value of, the Hubble constant, which is then compared with empirical
results.
Current hypotheses concerning the origin and existence of the Universe are
still largely dominated by the so called "Big Bang" theory. However, a
growing accumulation of empirical data is now beginning to produce results
that are contrary to this doctrine. All of this data together with
appropriate interpretative comment is well documented in both the paper and
electronic literature. Hence, alternative hypotheses have recently been put
forward as alternatives to the Big Bang. The Hoyle/Narlikar/Burbidge Quasi
Steady State Universe is one such. This idea does away with the continuous
creation of matter of the old Steady State Theory and replaces it with a
series of mini Big Bang type "creation events" within our local part of a
largely infinite Cosmos. This marriage of the Big Bang and Steady State
ideas avoids some of the problems of each but, others remain, and as a
result further alternative ideas should not be excluded from consideration.
Accordingly, it is the purpose of this paper to present a new theory for the
origin and existence of the Universe, based solely upon a Relativistic
Domain in which a mathematically definable new gravitational effect is the
main contributory factor.
It is very important, for a complete understanding of the development to be
presented here, that reference [3] be read thoroughly first.
In the interests of brevity, unless necessary for complete clarity, a
parameter will only be defined in this paper if it has not previously been
so in either [1], [2] or [3], with which familiarity is assumed.
Prior to the presentation of the mathematical development of this subject,
it is necessary to address some preliminary preparatory points. These will
be followed by a description of the proposed evolutionary process. Both of
these will help to establish the foundation on which the mathematical
development will be based.
Since Edwin Hubble's discovery of galactic redshift and its interpretation
as a signature of galactic recession according to Hubble's Law, a number of
inconsistencies have been discovered which do not appear to fit with this
law or any other current theory of Universal evolution. As a result a number
of other alternative hypotheses for spectral redshift have been put forward
such as "tired light" and "quantum field" energy attenuation et al. While
these may well be, to some extent, valid causes, the main cause accepted in
the development presented here is the original one of galactic recession,
largely according to Hubble's Law but also augmented by a significant
gravitational component. This is discussed and mathematically detailed in
Appendix A. The spectral redshift irregularities mentioned above do not pose
a problem in this respect because they are accommodated by the large scale
structure of the Universe that results from the development presented here.
This aspect is discussed further in Section 3.
In the literature, [4], [14], the Universe has, despite the localised high
concentration of matter within it, and with some minor exceptions, generally
been considered to be both homogeneous and isotropic throughout. However,
only the latter of these descriptions is believed to be strictly possible,
and then only if the Universe could be viewed from its very centre. It is
further considered that the structure of the Universe should reflect that of
the vast accumulation of galaxies, stars and planets etc that are contained
within it. Its existence therefore should be describable using the same
physics and mechanics with which they are described.
To support this opinion, consider the following natural configurations
extant within the Universe. At the most basic a planetary system will
consist of from none to possibly many thousands of small orbiting moons. But
in all cases the system is characterised by one large central mass, the
planet. On the next scale up, although only our own is known in any detail,
a solar system similarly consists of a number of orbiting planets, asteroids
and comets. However, it is again dominated by one large central mass, the
star, or in our case, the Sun. Again, on a further scale up, the galaxies
are clearly seen to consist of a vast number of stars distributed about a
very large central core. Sometimes the central mass itself is rotating
resulting in its star complement being gravitationally dragged into spiral
arms. Sometimes it is not, or only very slowly rotating, resulting in a
spherical or ellipsoidal shape.
As all of the above configurations occur quite naturally in the Universe and
are gravitationally driven, it is considered likely that the Universe itself
would conform to a similar one. Therefore it is expected that at the very
centre of the Universe there exists a large mass, possibly made up of giant
stars all in very close proximity. Further out from this central mass the
density of galactic objects would steadily drop off. Such a configuration
would clearly not be a homogeneous one, but would, on a large scale, tend to
be isotropic when viewed from the centre. However, the observation of such
features would depend greatly upon the maturity of the Universal evolutionary
process and therefore this matter is further discussed in Section 3 below.
It is considered unlikely that the central mass would be rotating, or if it
is, only very slowly, otherwise the recessional velocities of the distant
galaxies would not conform to Hubble's law. As a consequence, the shape of
the Universe would be expected to be spherical.
With the Universe exhibiting a physical configuration as described above, it
can now be likened to a normal astronomical object such as a very large
spherical galaxy. The central mass is synonymous with the central galactic
core, while the outlying galactic population can be likened to the outer
star complement of the galaxy. Accordingly, it is therefore proposed that
the Universe would possess a gravitational field in its own right, and in an
identical manner to a star or any other stellar or galactic object, this
gravitational field will have both an internal and external existence. It is
the nature of the internal part of this field, and its effect on the outer
stellar and galactic objects within the Universe that is the main subject of
the later development. The region outside the Universe is however, also
briefly addressed.
In ascribing a gravitational field to the Universe as a whole, there is one
major difference to those of most other stellar and galactic objects. That
is the size and mass of the Universe. These are such that the physical
radius of the Universe will be of the same order of magnitude as its
gravitational radius. It will be seen in the ensuing Sections that this,
under the gravitational action within the Universe, gives rise to a
situation at the very centre which results in its gravitational field being
reversed and thereby becoming a repulsive one. As a result, it will be shown
that it is this effect that is responsible for the recession of the distant
galaxies observed today.
The evolution of a Relativistic Domain Universe is solely gravitational in
nature, with no interfering outside influences or forces. It consists
essentially of two phases. In the first of these the Universe possesses
internally a normal attractive type gravitational field, while in the second
it exhibits a reversed or repulsive field.
The overall evolutionary life cycle of a Relativistic Domain Universe is
proposed as follows.
In the vast spatial and temporal expanse that is Pseudo-Euclidean
Space-Time, there exists a near infinite amount of particulate matter and
radiant energy. The particulate matter exists in the form of the smallest
individual elementary particles up to the massive galactic constructions of
many billions of stars. All of these are in continual motion due to normal
attractive gravitational forces. By this means, should a localised volume of
increased density occur, it will become the centre of a gravitational
attraction and start to draw more and more matter towards it. This forms the
start of the first phase of the evolution of a Universe. Gradually, a
central core will form and together with nearby stellar and galactic objects
start to generate its own spatial expansion, the spatial variability of
which results in its own gravitational field. As the central core draws more
and more matter closer, so the physical and gravitational radii start to
approach each other. Eventually a point is reached where the physical radius
is no more than three times the gravitational radius. This results in the
reversal of internal gravitation and the initiation of the second phase of
evolution. All matter inwardly mobile towards the centre will be gradually
slowed, reversed and then gravitationally propelled away from the centre to
ultimately reach relativistic velocities. This would continue until the
dispersion was sufficient to result in the cessation of the combined
gravitational effect of this matter, and all that would be left was the
small central core. This core may continue to exist for many aeons and
radiate significant quantities of particulate and radiant energy.
At some cosmologically nearby location where another localised density peak
was formed, the whole process could be repeated - ad infinitum. If this is a
localised occurrence in an "infinite" expanse of Pseudo-Euclidean
Space-Time, it could well be that there are many such island Universes
evolving through this life cycle many times over.
The gravity reversal process when the physical radius of the evolving
Universe equates to three times its gravitational radius is proposed as
follows. Reference [3] is central to this description.
Subsequent to a definable boundary being formed, the Universe will be
continually generating a spatial expansion and the appropriate spatial
linear expansion velocities of the form given by [3], Eq.(3.19) and [3],
Eq.(3.30). This will have consequently resulted in the generation of
Acceleration Potentials of the form given by [3], Eq.(3.34) and [3],
Eq.(3.35). Thus via these normal internal and external gravitational fields,
all luminous and other matter within and in the near vicinity of the
Universe will be drawn towards the centre. This will also cause both the
mass and the gravitational radius to steadily increase. The physical radius
of the Universe will also be increasing due to this process but, at a slower
rate than the gravitational radius. The physical radius and the
graviattional radius therefore slowly converge. This process results in the
temporal rate at all parts of the Universe slowly reducing with the greatest
effect occurring at the centre. It continues until the physical radius
approaches a value of three times the gravitational radius the result of
which is, at the very centre, to cause the temporal rate to approach zero.
This represents a critical point in the process. As it tends to continue and
the physical radius equates to exactly three times the gravitatioanl radius,
the temporal rate at the centre becomes unstable and, as a result, a
transformation between the temporal and the spatial expansion flows occurs.
This results in a reversal of the spatial part of these flows and thereby a
reversal in the direction of gravity. This is the end of the first phase of
the evolution, and start of the second.
The process that has been briefly described here will, in the remaining
Sections of this paper, be put into mathematical form. This development will
lead to a theoretical expression and an appropriate value for Hubble's
constant which is then compared with empirical values.
|
On to the next Section: - Development of A Relativistic Domain Universe Back to the Title page: -Gravitation and Cosmology Back to the Home Page for this Site:- Home |