3. Concluding Remarks. The three times gravitational radius criterion that has been investigated in this paper, has been shown to be possibly applicable to more than just the single case of the entire Universe; as was demonstrated in [2]. The characteristics of neutron stars are such that they could also be producing an internal repulsive gravitational field. This must suggest the additional possibility that much larger celestial bodies other than large stars, i.e. complete galaxies, could also collapse to this state. However, despite the observational sophistication available in the modern era, such events have not been reported. There are several reasons why this may be so. (i) Many galaxies are rotating and just as in planetary systems, stars making up the outer part of these galaxies may be in stable orbits. Such galaxies would remain in this state for many aeons, despite the possible demise of many stars at the core. In fact many such galaxies may live out their entire lifetime in such a stable state. (ii) In (i) even if the outer galactic stars were in degenerative orbits, given the time required for such a galaxy to form, the time required for the degenerate star orbits to completely decay, and the time required for the resultant giant core to exhaust its nuclear fuel, may simply mean that potential candidates have not yet reached the said state. (iii) Where a galaxy had undergone this process, in the latter stages of expansion, (phase II), such an "exploding" galaxy could, depending upon its characteristics before the collapse, exhibit a near circular shape as the stars making up the outer layers receded from the centre. There are many such galaxies extant within the Universe and because of the relatively short time that they have been observed in sufficient detail, it may be that, if they are in a state of expansion, this has not been recognised. (iv) In a galaxy that had undergone this event, and was still rotating due to having exhibited this feature before the collapse, under the reduced gravitational field of the core, the outer stars would not rotate as quickly, as in a similar galaxy that had not undergone this process. Slowly rotating outer stars are characteristic of some galaxies and have been explainedas possibly due to the gravitational effect of so called dark matter on the periphery of such galaxies. The possibility of a neutron core exhibiting reduced external gravitation should also be considered as an alternative to this explanation. A further very important consequence of the 3a criteria concerns the possible existence of black holes. In the classical theory, the existence of such objects is predicated upon the physical radius of a large stellar object collapsing below the Event Horizon, a distance of 2a from its centre. As stated in this paper, and as effectively demonstrated in [2], subsequent to the 3a criteria being passed by a collapsing gravitational source, the apparent 2a criteria disappears and a new criterion, exactly equal to the gravitational radius, a , is established. This means that black holes, as defined in the classical theory do not exist in Relativistic Domain Theory. This removes the awkward situation where in classical theory, at the centre of a black hole a singularity can exist, where, according to much of the literature all matter and energy, despite the law of conservation of energy, is crushed out of existence. Therefore the most compact composite matter within the cosmos, apart from the nucleon and similar particles, is the degenerate matter of the neutron stars. Finally, as part of the above investigation, the mass/radius characteristics of a number of representative celestial bodies was compared with the 3a radius criterion discussed above. It was thus that the possibility of neutron stars generating an internal repulsive gravity field was identified. However, this exercise also identified the two empirical relationships detailed in Section 2.2 governing the gravitational accumulation of matter. It is unlikely that these relationships have not been identified before, however, no reference to them has been found in the literature, although, as is very clear, the literature available to the author is very limited and largely somewhat antiquated. It is believed that the gravitational accumulation of matter will always follow these "laws" due to the eventual balance of internal and external forces in action during its formation, i.e. the thermal/fusion process versus gravitational compression. The only exception to this, and then only in the latter stages of formation, is when the accumulated mass exceeds the maximum value determined in Section 2.3 for a gravitationally stable source. Then gravity reversal occurs in the core, resulting in the total mass subsequently gravitationally dispersing. However, as has been demonstrated, this only occurs on a scale the size of a Universe. Using these laws, as exemplified by (2.3) and (2.4), Appendix C contains tables of calculated versus actual masses for all the entries in Table 2 together with their ratio errors, i.e. (calculated mass) / (actual mass). C2 Version 1.1.1 |
On to the Next Section:- APPENDIX A Back to the Introduction:- Critical Back to the home page for this Site:- Home |